Refinery CO2 Management Strategies
Technology Solutions to Reduce Carbon Footprint and Meet Business Sustainability Goals

TABLE OF CONTENTS
(abbreviated)
  • Section 1Introduction
  • Section 2Executive Briefings
  • Section 3Worldwide CO2 Emission Reduction Legislation and Regulations
    • 3.1Carbon Cap and Trade vs. Carbon Tax
    • 3.2Refinery Energy Efficiency Requirements
    • 3.3Refinery Power Production
    • 3.4Carbon Capture Policy and Programs
  • Section 4CO2 Emission from Refineries: Carbon Accounting
    • 4.1Contributions of Refineries to National and Global CO2 Emissions
    • 4.2 Taking Inventory of Refinery CO2 Emissions
    • 4.3Factors that Affect Refinery CO2 Emissions
    • 4.4Industry Programs for Reducing CO2 Emissions
  • Section 5Technology Advances
    • 5.1Enhancing Energy Efficiency
      • 5.1.1Overall Impact of Enhanced Energy Efficiency on Refinery Emission of CO2
      • 5.1.2Reductions in CO2 Emissions Related to Energy and Fuel Savings in Specific Refinery Operations
        • 5.1.2.1Supply Side Energy Efficiency (Utilities Generation)
          • 5.1.2.1.1Heat and Steam Generation
          • 5.1.2.1.2Power Generation
          • 5.1.2.1.3Cogeneration
        • 5.1.2.2Demand Side Energy Efficiency
          • 5.1.2.2.1Utilities Distribution and Management
          • 5.1.2.2.2Process Hardware and Operations
        • 5.1.2.3Strategic Application of Energy Efficiency Improvements in Refining Processes
    • 5.2Renewable Sources of Energy Used in Refineries
      • 5.2.1Wind
      • 5.2.2Solar
      • 5.2.3Others
    • 5.3Carbon Capture
      • 5.3.1Status of Carbon-capture Technologies
        • 5.3.11.Pre-combustion
        • 5.3.1.2Oxycombustion
        • 5.3.1.3Post-combustion
      • 5.3.2Strategic Capture Areas in Refineries
  • Section 6Company Policies and Strategies in Carbon Management
  • Section 7Strategic Analysis and Recommendations
  • Section 8References
  • Section 9Indices